![]() To protect the interest of both patients and insurance companies, the government establishes an equalization pool to spread risks between the various funds. These funds (which may be run by public bodies, private for-profit companies, or private non-profit companies), must provide a minimum standard of coverage and are not allowed to discriminate between patients by charging different rates according to age, occupation, or previous health status ( pre-existing medical conditions). In France, a similar system of compulsory contributions is made, but the collection is administered by non-profit organisations set up for the purpose.Īn alternative funding approach is where countries implement national health insurance by legislation requiring compulsory contributions to competing insurance funds. The provision of services may be through either publicly or privately owned health care providers. In countries such as Canada, payment is made by the government directly from tax revenue and this is known as single-payer health care. National healthcare insurance programs differ both in how the contributions are collected, and in how the services are provided. See also: Health care systems, single-payer health care, and universal health care This system of health insurance continued in force until the creation of the National Health Service in 1948 which created a universal service, funded out of general taxation rather than on an insurance basis, and providing health services to all legal residents. In Britain, the National Insurance Act 1911 included national social health insurance for primary care (not specialist or hospital care), initially for about one-third of the population-employed working class wage earners, but not their dependents. Germany has the world's oldest national social health insurance system, with origins dating back to Otto von Bismarck's Sickness Insurance Law of 1883. Where an NHI involves a choice of multiple insurance funds, the rates of contributions may vary and the person has to choose which insurance fund to belong to. In practice, most people paying for NHI will join it. In some countries, such as Australia's Medicare system, the UK's National Health Service and South Korea's National Health Insurance Service, contributions to the system are made via general taxation and therefore are not optional even though use of the health system it finances is. ![]() National or statutory health insurance does not equate to government-run or government-financed health care, but is usually established by national legislation. Funding mechanisms vary with the particular program and country. It may be administered by the public sector, the private sector, or a combination of both. ![]() ![]() National health insurance ( NHI), sometimes called statutory health insurance ( SHI), is a system of health insurance that insures a national population against the costs of health care. ![]()
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